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2004年10月TOEFL试题

PART ONE Listening

1.   (A) She likes the view of the mountains in winter.

    (B) She has never been in Montana.

    (C) The man should take a winter vacation.

    (D) The man would not enjoy living in Montana all year.

2.   (A) He plans to go to the dance.

    (B) He does not enjoy dancing.

    (C) He has something else to do tonight.

    (D) He plans to go to the next dance.

3.   (A) The woman should go to the game with him tonight.

    (B) The game will not be on television.

    (C) The results of the game were announced in the newspaper.

(D) The woman can find the information about the game in the newspaper.

4.   (A) She just finished studying for the exam.

    (B) She is not certain what material will be covered on the exam.

    (C) She needs to prepare a little more for the exam.

(D) She is willing to help the man study for the exam.

5.   (A) Go out to eat with her parents

    (B) Find a place to live near the harbor

    (C) Get a job at a restaurant

    (D) Introduce him to her parents

6.   (A) Let his boss know that he plans to quit

     (B) Ask his boss to give him more time off

     (C) Recommend the woman for a promotion

     (D) Reconsider his decision about his job

7.    (A) She is going to start a new experiment.

     (B) She is planning to start the experiment on Friday.

     (C) She received additional time to finish the experiment.

     (D) She does not plan to finish the experiment.

8.    (A) She thinks the man is funny.

     (B) She will meet the man for dinner tonight.

     (C) She got sick from last night's dinner.

     (D) She feels better than she did last night.

9.    (A) He has already spoken to Professor Odell.

     (B) Professor Odell will probably excuse his absence.

     (C) He has never missed Professor Odell's class.

(D) Professor Odell was not in class today.

10.   (A) Ask her brother for a ride to the conference

     (B) Find a different hotel

     (C) Pay for the conference in advance

     (D) Cancel his hotel reservation

11.   (A) He forgot to phone Amy earlier today.

     (B) He does not know Amy's new phone number.

     (C) Amy's phone number has not changed.

     (D) The woman should ask Amy tbr the phone number.12. (A) The store will have more shirts tomorrow.

(B) The store will not be selling blue shirts anymore.

(C) The man should check other stores for the shirt.

(D) The shirts will be less expensive after the game.

13. (A) He likes to give parties.

     (B)  He does not like to attend parties.

     (C)  He does not work on Fridays.

(D) People enjoy his company.

14. (A) His class lasted longer than usual.

     (B) He got lost on the way to the movie.

     (C) He did not know what time the movie started.

(D) He did not pay attention to the time.

15. (A) He is much less patient thanNancy.

     (B) The woman should play tennis with Nancy.

     (C) Nancy will go play tennis soon.

     (D) Nancy should pick up her racket at the post office.

16. (A) His grade was not as good as the woman's grade.

     (B) He thinks the course was easy.

     (C) He expected to get a good grade.

(D) He did not expect to like the course.

17. (A) The man looks very nice in a suit and tie.

     (B) The man did not need to change clothes.

     (C) She likes the sweater the man is wearing.

(D) She does not think jeans are appropriate.

18. (A) He has been spending too much time doing sports.

     (B) He is already a member of several social organizations.

     (C) His classes already involve a lot of community work.

(D) He is very busy with his academic work.

19. (A) Study her notes over the weekend

     (B) Give the man her notes until Monday

     (C) Take the quiz before the man does

(D) Ask to have the quiz postponed

20. (A) He cannot walk because his foot is broken.

     (B)  He will have to see the doctor again.

     (C) He needs to take some medicine.

     (D) He feels relieved about his injury.

21. (A) He does not want to continue on the project today.

     (B)  He will work on the project without the woman.

     (C) He does not know when the project is due.

(D) It will take five hours to finish the project.

22. (A) Look for another job

     (B) Talk to his boss about his schedule

     (C) Start work later in the day

(D) Ask his boss for a raise in pay

23. (A) He thinks Betsy should take a business class.

     (B) He got angry with Betsy at the meeting.

     (C) He admires Betsy for expressing her opinion.

(D) He did not understand what Betsy said.

24. (A) He cannot afford to buy a computer.

     (B) He was the last person to leave the computer lab.

     (C) He is worried about turning his paper in late.

(D) He used a typewriter for his paper.

25. (A) Gather more information from other students they know

     (B) Help each other with the assignment

     (C) Ask a professor to help them

     (D) Take some time off to rest

26. (A) The driver's reaction was understandable.

     (B)  Drinking coffee is not allowed on the bus.

     (C) Some of the woman's coffee spilled on the driver.

(D) The driver should not have yelled at the woman.

27. (A) Mary owes money to her parents.

     (B) Mary does well because of her parents.

     (C) Mary needs more support from her parents.

(D) Mary's parents want her to change schools.

28. (A) Inform the man about the policy

     (B) Copy the message for the man

     (C) Show the man how to use the copy machine

(D) Call the man after she talks to the students

29. (A) He does not like to borrow money.

     (B) He has a lot of money to lend.

     (C) He rarely lends money.

(D) He lent ten dollars to the woman.

30. (A) She will not have time to prepare lunch.

     (B) She would rather wait until tomorrow to decide.

     (C) She does not remember discussing the matter.

     (D) She has to cancel her plans to have lunch with the man.

31. (A) Students refuse to listen to his lectures.

     (B)  Very few students registered for his class.

     (C) Students do not seem to understand his lectures.

(D) Too many students failed his class.

32. (A) Musicology

     (B) Advanced physics

     (C) Film study

(D) Introductory science

33. (A) His students are not really interested in science.

     (B) His students are science majors who already know the material.

     (C) His students have difficulty understanding English.

(D) His students find the lab work too difficult.

34. (A) She relates ideas to students' outside interests.

     (B) She plays music to relax students.

     (C) She creates unusual videos of her students.

     (D) She applies scientific principles to filmmaking.

35. (A) He feels unqualified to try it.

     (B)  He wants more information about it.

     (C) He has already tried it.

(D) He does not think it will work.

36. (A) What causes blisters on feet

     (B) How to stay cool on a hot day

     (C) What happened in today's physics class

(D) What is meant by specific heat

37. (A) The cold water

     (B) The hot sand

     (C) His physics class

(D) His college

38. (A) Its temperature does not change very much from season to season.

     (B) Its specific heat is hard to measure.

     (C) It takes quite a lot of energy to raise its temperature.

     (D) It becomes warmer as it comes in contact with sand.

39. (A) The growth of the American Elm Society

     (B)  Growing new kinds of elm trees

     (C) The importance of elm trees

(D) A problem affecting the American elm

40. (A) Their inability to circulate water

     (B) Their increased sensitivity to heat

     (C) Low reproductive rates

(D) Heavy pollution in the atmosphere

41. (A) It is damaged by extremely dry weather.

     (B) It loses water to stronger trees.

     (C) Insects destroy the tree's bark.

(D) Certain beetles introduce a fungus to the tree.

42. (A) By controlling the carriers of the disease

     (B) By growing a stronger kind of the elm

     (C) By watering infected elm trees

     (D) By cutting down all infected elms

43. (A) Why naïve art is so popular today

     (B) The influence of French art on American art

     (C) Some characteristics of naive American art

(D) The education of naive artists

44. (A) They painted in their spare time.

     (B) They lacked formal art training.

     (C) They used a more traditional approach to color.

(D) They followed rules  established by art schools.

45. (A) They lack bright colors.

     (B) They are realistic depictions.

     (C) They follow ancient traditions.

(D) They are inferior to French naive paintings.

46. (A) Their works were unsigned.

     (B) Many of their works were destroyed.

     (C) They never stayed in one place for a long time.

     (D) They worked for only a few years.

47. (A) Why American industries grew rapidly in the nineteenth century

     (B) How advances in transportation helped American cities develop

     (C) Transportation between the cities of the United States

(D) Great American inventors of the nineteenth century

48. (A) It was no longer possible to keep horses.

     (B) It was difficult to find jobs.

     (C) They could no longer walk to work.

(D) They had to pay more for their housing.

49. (A) They could be controlled independently.

     (B) They were fire resistant.

     (C) They could keep operating for a longer period of time.

      (D) They offered more room for passengers.

50. (A) It made the subways much quieter.

     (B) It brought electric light to the tunnels.

     (C) It allowed passengers to breathe cleaner air in the tunnels.

     (D) It allowed subways to be repaired inexpensively.

PART TWO Grammar

1. Inertial navigation,---- a vital role in space exploration, employs devices called accelerometers to measure accelerations of spacecraft.
    (A) it plays
    (B) which plays
    (C) which it plays
   (D) in which plays
2. -----  they rely on external sources of warmth, amphibians in cool regions hibernate through the winter.
    (A) Because
    (B) By reason of
    (C) Due to
(D) Since that
3. In 1846  --- agreed upon the boundaries separating what would become Washington and British Columbia.
    (A) when the Canadian and United States governments
    (B) the Canadian and United States governments which
    (C) with the Canadian and United States governments
(D) the Canadian and the United States governments,
4. Prized for centuries for their beauty, roses are probably the world's --- plants.
    (A) cultivated ornamental most widely
    (B) ornamental widely cultivated most
    (C)  most widely cultivated ornamental
    (D) widely ornamental most cultivated
5. In area, Montana is the fourthlargest state in the United States,---- it ranks forty-fourth in population.
    (A) nor
    (B) in spite of
    (C) how
(D) but
6. Larch and spruce trees ---- in bogs and wet areas of the northern United States.
   (A) found
   (B) are found
   (C) have found
   (D) finding
7. Ostrich eggs are larger of any Other living animal; they may be 150 mm long and 127 mm wide and have a shell 1.97 mm thick.
   (A) than those
   (B) of those
   (C) those that
   (D) than
8. Although rain falls throughout most of the world, in Antarctica, and in a few other places, ---- precipitation occurs as ice and snow.
    (A) and all
    (B) all
    (C) where all
    (D) it is all
9. ---- to learn about human origins and evolution, the physical anthropologist studies fossil remains and observes the behavior of other primates.
    (A) Because trying
    (B) Do they try
    (C) There is trying
(D) In trying
10. ---- where the American craft movement seems to have flourished most vigorously, partly through its association with the Prairie School of Architecture.
    (A) Was the Midwest
    (B) The Midwest as
    (C) It was the Midwest
(D) The Midwest being!
11. ---- as taste is really a composite sense made up of both taste and smell.
    (A) To which we refer
    (B) What do we refer to
    (C) That we refer to it
    (D) What we refer to
12. Lorraine Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun was ---- to be produced on Broadway.
    (A) the first drama that all African American woman
    (B) an African American woman whose first drama
    (C) an African American woman's drama that first
(D) the first drama by an African American woman
13. When changes in the tilt of the Earth relative to the Sun shift the location of South America's warmest zone,---- with it.
    (A) the rains go
    (B) as go the rains
    (C) which the rains to go
(D) and the rains going
14. The United States government shares governmental powers with the states under the federal system.---- by the United States Constitution.
     (A) established it
     (B) which established
     (C) and established
(D) established
15. A challenging new area in inorganic chemistry is ---- the role of transition metals in the biochemical catalysts called enzymes.
     (A) that of understanding
     (B) to have understanding
     (C) the understanding
     (D) understanding that

16. The hermit crab, a crustacean that uses an empty shell as a portable refuge to cover its soft

                                        A                 B                     C

abdomen, changes shells as grows.

                             D

Part Three Reading

The French word renaissance means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian
Jules Michelet in his History of France, then adopted by historians of culture, by art
historians, and eventually by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture
during the 150 years spanning 1450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this
period of European history because of the renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman
culture that began in Italy and then spread throughout Europe. Scholars and artists of the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries wanted to restore the learning and ideals of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to human-as
opposed to spiritual-values. Fulfillment in life-as opposed to concern about an afterlife-
became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying
the pleasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to
secular as well as religious subject matter and sought to make their works understandable
and appealing.
These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance
period--how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed,
experienced, discussed, and disseminated. They could see the architectural monuments,
sculptures, plays, and poems that were being rediscovered, but they could not actually
hear ancient music-although they could read the writings of classical philosophers, poets,
essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned
about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music
did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino
Cirillo expressed disappointment with the learned music of his time. He urged musicians
to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had
rediscovered ancient art and literature.
The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state
of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly
during this century and a half-though at different rates in different countries-that we
cannot define a single Renaissance style.
1. What is the passage mainly about?
   (A) The musical compositions that best illustrate the developments during the European Renaissance
   (B) The musical techniques that were in use during the European Renaissance
   (C) The European Renaissance as a cultural development that included changes in musical style
   (D) The ancient Greek and Roman musical practices used during the European Renaissance
2. What does the author mean by using the word “eventually” in line 3 ?
   (A) That music historians used the term “Renaissance” after the other historians did
   (B) That most music historians used the term “Renaissance”
   (C) The term “Renaissance” became widely used by art historians but not by music historians
   (D) That music historians used the term “Renaissance” very differently than it had been used by Jules Michelet
3. The phrase "frowned on" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) given up
    (B) forgotten about
    (C) argued about
    (D) disapproved of
4. The word“now”in line 11 refers to
(A) tile time of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome
    (B) the period of the Renaissance
    (C) 1855
    (D) the time at which the author wrote the passage
5. Where in the passage does the author mention where the Renaissance interest in classical ideas first appeared?
    (A) Lines I-4
    (B) Lines 4-6
    (C) Lines 8-9
(D) Lines 11-13
6. It can be inferred from the passage that thinkers of the Renaissance were seeking a rebirth of
    (A) communication among artists across Europe
    (B) spirituality in everyday life
    (C) a cultural emphasis on human values
    (D) religious themes in art that would accompany the traditional secular themes
7. According to the passage, Renaissance artists and writers had all of the following intentions
  EXCEPT
(A) to use religious themes
    (B) to portray only the pleasant parts of human experience
    (C) to produce art that people would find attractive
    (D) to create works that were easily understood
8. The word "disseminated" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
    (A) played
    (B) documented
    (C) spread
(D) analyzed
9. What can be inferred about the music of ancient Greece and Rome?
  (A) It expressed different ideals than classical sculpture, painting and poetry.
    (B) It was played on instruments that are familiar to modern audiences.
    (C) It had the same effect on Renaissance audiences as it had when originally performed.
(D) Its effect on listeners was described in a number of classical texts.
10. According to the passage, why was Bemardino Cirillo disappointed with the music of his time?
(A) it was not complex enough to appeal to musicians.
(B) It had little emotional impact on audiences.
(C) It was too dependent on the art and literature of his time.
(D) It did not contain enough religious themes.
11. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the absence of a single Renaissance musical style?
(A) The musical Renaissance was defined by technique rather than style.
(B) The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.
(C) Renaissance musicians adopted the styles of both Greek and Roman musicians.
(D) During the Renaissance, music never remained the same for very long.
The thick, woolly fleece of the domestic sheep is its distinguishing feature and the
source of much of its economic importance. Yet only a moment, in evolutionary terms,
has passed since the domestic sheep had a coat resembling that of many other wild Line
animals. As recently as 8,000 years ago, it was covered not in a white, continuously
growing mass of wool but in a brown coat consisting of an outer array of kemps, or
coarse hairs, that was shed annually and a fine woolly undercoat that also molted. Such
an animal could not have supported the technology that has grown up around the domestic
sheep--the shearing, dyeing, spinning, and weaving of wool--any better than could a
wild sheep such as the bighorn of North America,
Much of the selective breeding that led to the fleece types known today took place
in prehistory, and even the later developments went largely unchronicled. Yet other kinds
of records survive, in three forms. Specimens of wool from as long ago as 1500 B.C. have
been found, mostly as ancient textiles, but also in the form of sheepskins. Antique
depictions of sheep in sculpture, relief, and painting give even earlier clues to the character
of ancient fleeces. The longest line of evidence takes the form of certain primitive breeds
that are still tended in remote areas or that escaped from captivity long ago and now live
in the wild. They retain the characteristics of ancient sheep, providing living snapshots of
the process that gave rise to modern fleeces.
12. What topic does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The economic importance of sheep through the ages
(B) The development of textile crafts and technologies
(C) The evolution of the fleece of domestic sheep
(D) The influence of technology on wool manufacturing
13. The word “source” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) quantity
(B) result
(C) basis
(D) cost
14. According to the passage, the outer coat of sheep 8,000 years ago was
(A) white
(B) coarse
(C) warmer than that of bighorn sheep
(D) similar to that of the modern sheep
15. Which of the following can be concluded about wild sheep, as compared with domestic sheep?
(A) They are evolving more rapidly.
(B) They have thicker coats.
(C) They are of less economic importance.
(D) They are less similar to bighorn sheep.
16. The word “unchronicled” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) unquestioned
(B) unexplained
(C) unnoticed
(D) unrecorded
17. What does the author mention as evidence of the characteristics of ancient sheep?
(A) Representations of sheep in an
    (B) Ancient tales about sheep
    (C) Documents describing sheep
    (D) Skeletons of sheep
18. The word “clues” in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) proofs
(B) indications
(C) colors
(D) variations
19. In line 17, the author uses the term “living snapshots” to refer to
(A) photographs of early types of sheep
(B) early guns used for hunting sheep
(C) ancient paintings of sheep
(D) early breeds of sheep that still exist
20. The phrase "gave rise to" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) replaced by
(B) favored over
(C) brought about
(D) found out
Architecture the been characterized by W. R. Dalze11 as the “indispensabie art,” and
rightly so. Inevitably, the practical functions that shelters arc designed to fulfill play a strong
role in determining their appearance and thus, in part, their artistic character. So do the Line
methods of construction available and practicable at any given moment. The strikingly
new forms of architecture that appeared in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries were
built to meet the needs of industry and of commerce based on industry, in a society whose
essential character and internal relationships had been sharply transformed by the
Industrial Revolution.
About the middle of the nineteenth century, mechanized industrial production began
to demand large, well-lighted interiors in which manufacturing could be carried on. The
administration of giant industrial and commercial concerns required office buildings of
unprecedented size, containing suites of offices easily accessible to employees and
customers. The marketing of industrial products necessitated large-scale storage spaces,
and enormous shops selling under one roof a wide variety of items. Industrial and
commercial pressures drew increasing populations to urban centers, and traditional housing
was no longer adequate to contain them. Mechanized transportation of industrial products
and industrial and business personnel was essential. Leisure-time entertainment and
cultural activities for the vast new urban populations required still a different kind of
structure. Hence, the characteristic new architectural forms of the late nineteenth and
twentieth centuries have been the factory, the multistory office building, the warehouse,
the department store, the apartment house, the railway station, the large theater, and the
gigantic sports stadium. None of these could have been built on the desired scale by
traditional construction methods.
21. What is the main idea of the passage?
    (A) Various types of traditional building materials strongly influenced modem architectural design.
     (B) Changing architectural styles affected the character of cities.
     (C) New architectural forms evolved in response to the changing needs of society.
     (D) Technological advances affected conventional methods of building construction.
22. The author uses the expression “rightly so” in line 2 in order to
     (A) introduce an opinion that differs from that of W. R. Dalzell
     (B) provide examples of architecture that are indispensable show agreement with the way W. R. Dalzell has described architecture
     (D) indicate that architectural design must reflect artistic qualities
23. The word "strikingly" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
     (A) aggressively
     (B) specifically
(C) noticeably
(D)occasionally
24. According to the passage, which of the following motivated the “new forms of architecture” mentioned in line 5 ?
(A) The increased wealth of citizens
(B) The Industrial Revolution
(C) Competitive international trade
(D) Changing ideas about artistic merit
25. It can be inferred that the demand for “large, well-lighted interiors” mentioned in line 10 resulted in the construction of
    (A) offices
    (B) factories
    (C) warehouses
    (D) department stores
26. The phrase “carried on” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
     (A) conducted
     (B) supervised
     (C) moved about
(D) improved
27. The word "necessitated" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
     (A) identified
(B) replaced
(C) required
     (D) supplied
28. It can be inferred from the passage that all of the following occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT
    (A) considerable societal changes
    (B) office buildings larger than any ever built before
    (C) storage and marketing of industrial products
(D) a decrease in leisure activities
29. The word "them" in line 16 refers to
(A) items
    (B) pressures
    (C) populations
    (D) centers
30. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the effect of the Industrial Revolution on transportation systems?
(A) Traditional methods of transportation were adequate for workers to get to their jobs.
(B) Faster, more efficient methods of transportation were required for the production and distribution of goods.
(C) Manufacturers could not produce sufficiently large quantities of goods to support the costs of railroad transportation.
(D) Only the most essential products required new, mechanized methods of transportation.
31. The word “Hence” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) moreover
(B) nevertheless
(C) in contrast
(D) for these reasons
Famed for their high-elevation forests, the Appalachian Mountains sweep south
from Quebec to Alabama. Highest in New England and North Carolina, this broad system
covers more than 1,200 miles to form the rocky backbone of the eastern United States. Line
The Blue Ridge Mountains form a substantial part, 615 miles, of the far-reaching
Appalachians. They begin as a narrow, low ridge in Pennsylvania, then slowly spread
and rise until they reach the height of 5,938 feet at majestic Grandfather Mountain in
North Carolina. The Blue Ridge technically includes among its major spurs the Great
Smoky Mountains and the Black Mountains; Mount Mitchell, in the latter range, is at
6,684 feet the highest peak east of the Mississippi River. Like the rest of the Appalachians,
these mountains were once substantially higher and bolder. Their uplift was completed
some 289 million years ago, and they have been drastically eroded ever since.
At one time, immense continental glaciers covered the land as far south as Pennsylvania.
Although they did not spread over the Blue Ridge, plants and animals far beyond their reach
became adapted to the cold. When the climate warmed and the ice melted, the cold-adapted
species retreated northward, surviving in the south only at higher, cooler elevations.
Red Spruces and Fraser firs are remnants of the Ice Age, thriving in the higher elevations
of the Blue Ridge; and local belches, birches, and red oaks are typical of forests farther
to the north.
Sharing the high peaks is another distinctive plant community. This is the "bald"—a
treeless area covered with grass, or more commonly, with broad-leaved shrubs. Often
large and vigorous, the latter include huckleberries, mountain laurel, and most especially,
rhododendron, an evergreen shrub that blossoms in June and creates some of the most
spectacular wild gardens on Earth.
32. The word "sweep" in line 1 could best be replaced by which of the following?
(A) brush
(B) extend
(C) clear
(D) hurry
33. The southernmost point of the Appalachian Mountains is in
(A) Quebec
(B) New England
(C) Alabama
(D) North Carolina
34. According to the passage, a 615-mile expanse of the Appalachians is known as
(A) the Blue Ridge Mountains
(B) Grandfather Mountain
(C) the Black Mountains
(D) the Great Smoky Mountains
35. The word "technically" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) partially
(B) similarly
(C) likely
(D) officially
36. The expression "the latter range" in line 8 refers to
(A) Appalachians
(B) the Black Mountains
(C) the Great Smoky Mountains
(D) Grandfather Mountain
37. The word "they" in line 13 refers to
(A) Pennsylvania and the southern states
(B) plants and animals
(C) mountains
(D) glaciers
38. According to the passage, the melting of glaciers caused some plant species to
(A) adapt to the heat
(B) die out
(C) grow bigger and stronger
(D) move northward
39. The author mentions all of the following as plants that can be found in a "bald" EXCEPT
(A) mountain laurel
(B) huckleberries
(C) red oaks
(D) rhododendron
40. Where in the passage does the author mention what has happened to the development of the mountains since they reached their highest point?
(A) Lines 5-7
(B) Lines 10-11
(C) Lines 14-15
(D) Lines 19-20
A rapidly advancing contemporary science that is highly dependent on new tools is
Earth system science. Earth system science involves observation and measurements on
the Earth at all scales from the largest to the smallest. The huge anaounts of data that are Line gathered come from many different locations and require special techniques for handling
data. Important new tools that facilitate Earth system science include satellite remote
sensing, small deep-sea submarines, and geographic information systems.
More than any other way of gathering evidence, satellite observations continually
remind us that each part of the Earth interacts with and is dependent on all other parts.
Earth system science was born from the realization of that interdependence. Satellite
remote sensing makes possible observations at large scales, and in many cases,
measurements of factors that could not otherwise be measured. For example, the
ozone hole over Antarctica--the decrease in the concentration of ozone high in the
atmosphere--is measured by remote sensing, as are changes in deserts, forests, and
farmlands around the world. Such measurements can be used in many areas of
specialization besides Earth system science. Archaeology, for example, has benefited
from satellite observations that reveal the traces of ancient trade routes across the
Arabian Desert.
New tools for exploring previously inaccessible areas of the Earth have also added
greatly to our knowledge of the Earth system. Small deep-sea submarines allow scientists
to travel to the depths of the ocean. There they have discovered new species and
ecosystems thriving near deep-sea vents that emit heat, sasses, and mineral-rich water.
Just as important as new methods of measurement and exploration are new ways to
store and analyze data about the Earth system. Computer-based software programs known
as geographic information systems, or GIS, allow a large number of data points to be
stored along with their locations. These can be used to produce maps and to compare
different sets of information gathered at different times. For example, satellite remote
sensing images of a forest can be converted to represent stages in the forest's growth.
Two such images, made at different times can be overlaid and compared, and the changes
that have taken place can be represented in a new image.
41. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) Special techniques are needed to classify the huge amounts of data about Earth.
(B) New tools provide information about Earth that was once impossible to obtain.
(C) Advances in Earth system science have resolved many environmental problems.
(D) Satellite remote sensing can show changes between two images taken years apart.
42. The word "contemporary" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) little-known
(B) informative
(C) current
(D) exciting
43. The word "facilitate" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) enable
(B) require
(C) organize
(D) examine
44. The author of the passage mentions that satellite observations are especially effective in
(A) conducting scientific studies of life on the ocean floor
(B) predicting future climate changes
(C) providing data to determine Earth's age
(D)demonstrating interactions among all of Earth's parts
45. The word "realization" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) observation
(B) assumption
(C) explanation
(D) recognition
46. According to the passage, satellite observations of the Arabian Desert allow archaeologists to discern
(A) indications of ancient routes
(B) evidence of former lakes
(C) traces of early farms
(D) remains of ancient forests
47. The word "inaccessible" in line'18 is closest in meaning to
(A) unreachable
(B) undiscovered
(C) unexplored
(D) unpredictable
48. The word "they" in line 20 refers to
(A) new tools
(B) small deep-sea submarines
(C) scientists
(D) the depths of the ocean
49. The word "thriving" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) surviving
(B) flourishing
(C) feeding
(D) competing
50. The organization of the passage can best be described as
(A) an extended statement of the basic principles of a particular scientific theory
(B) an introductory statement followed by a discussion of particular examples
(C) a comparison of the effectiveness of different types of scientific tools
(D) an argument for the claim that new techniques can be useful in many specialized fields